Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization

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Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. The nuclear dates of the civilization appear to be about 2500–1700 BCE, though the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium BCE.

The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjodaro),near the Indus River in the Sindh (Sind) region. 

Both sites are in present-day Pakistan, in Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively. The ruins of Mohenjo-daro were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.

  Also Read : What-is-arts-and-arts-education 

                 Meaning-and-Definition-of-Arts

Notes And Knowledge

Arts in Indus valley : 

• The arts of Indus Valley civilisation, one of the earliest civilisations of the world,          emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age).

• The forms of art found from various sites of civilisation include sculptures,                   seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta figures, etc.

• Their delineation of human and animal figures was highly realistic in nature.

• Modelling of figures was done in an extremely careful manner.

• Two major sites of Indus Valley civilization, along the river Indus are: North –              cities of Harappa; South – Mohenjo-Daro.

• The site showcase one of the earliest examples of civic planning.

• Houses, markets, storage facilities, offices, etc. arranged in a grid-like pattern.

• In this pattern, roads were cut across one another in 90-degree angle and the city was    divided into blocks.

• There was also a highly developed drainage system.

• While Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are situated in Pakistan, the important sites excavated in India are:

a) Lothal, Surkotada, Dholavira – Gujarat

b) Rakhigarh and Banwali – Haryana

c)  Ropar – Punjab

d) Kalibangan and Balatha - Rajasthan

The arts of Indus valley which are excavated yet are:

Materials used:  Stone, Bronze, Terracotta, Clay etc.  Also Read : Mauryan-empire 

Notes And Knowledge

Stone Statues:

·      Stone statues found in Indus valley sites are excellent examples of handling the 3D volume.

·      Two major stone statues are:

1. Bearded Man ( Priest Man, Priest-King) :

·      It was found in Mohenjo-Daro.

·      Bearded man’s figure made of Steatite.

·      The figure designed as a priest and it is wrapped in a shawl which is coming under the right arm and covering the left shoulder.

·      The shawl is decorated with trefoil pattern.

·      The eyes are elongated and half closed as in a meditative concentration.

·      Nose is well shaped and medium in size.

·      Short cut moustache and a short beard and whiskers.

• Hair is divided from the centre and a plain woven fillet is passed is passes round the head.
• An armlet on the right hand and holes around neck which suggest necklace.
• Overall a slight touch of the Greek style of statues can be seen.

2.      Male Torso :

·      Found in Harappa (only major art element found in Harappa).

·      Made from Red Sandstone.

·      There are holes in the neck and shoulders to attach head and arms.

·      Legs are broken.

·      The shoulders are well baked and the abdomen slightly prominent.

·      One of the well carved and finished work.

Bronze Casting:

·      Bronze casting was technique was widely used at all major sites of the civilization.

·      The technique used for Bronze Casting was Lost Wax Technique.

[Initially, the figure needed is made of wax and covered it with clay. After allowed to dry the clay, the whole thing is heated so that the wax inside the clay will be melted. The molten wax was then drained out through a tiny hole made in the clay part. The hollow mold of clay thus created was filled with molten metal. Once it cooled, the clay cover was completely removed.

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·      Human as well as animal figures are present in the Bronze casting.

·      Amongst animal figures the buffalo with its uplifted head, back and sweeping horns and the goat are artistic merits.

·      Copper dog and bird of Lothal and the Bronze figure of a bull from Kalibangan shows that Bronze casting was popular at all centers of Indus valley civilization.

·      Metal casting continued even after the Indus valley civilization through late Harappan, Chalcolithic people, etc.

·      Examples of Bronze casting are the following

1) Dancing Girl

·      It was found from Mohenjo-Daro.

·      Made up of Bronze.

·      One of the best-known artifacts from Indus valley.

·      Approximately 4-inch high figure of a dancing girl.

·      This exquisite casting depicts a girl whose long hair is tied in the bun and bangles cover her left arm.

·      Cowrie (kaudi) shell necklace is seen around her neck.

·      Her right hand is on her hip and her left hand is clasped in a traditional Indian dance gesture.

·      She has large eyes and flat nose.

2)  Bull from Mohenjo-Daro

·      Bronze figure of the bull found in Mohenjo-Daro.

·      The massiveness of the bull and the fury of the charge are eloquently (strongly) expressed.

·      The animal is shown standing with his head turned to the right.

·      There is a cord around the neck.

Terracotta:

·      Terracotta figures are more realistic in Gujarat sites and Kalibangan.

·      In terracotta, we find a few figurines of bearded males with coiled hairs, their posture rigidly upright, legs slightly apart, and the arms parallel to the sides of the body. The repetition of this figure in exactly the same position would suggest that he was a deity.

·      A terracotta mask of a horned deity has also been found.

·      Toy carts with wheels, whistles, rattles, bird and animals, gamesmen, and discs were also rendered in terracotta.

·      The most important terracotta figures are those represent Mother Goddess.

Notes And Knowledge

1. Mother Goddess

·      Mainly found in Mohenjo-Daro.

·      These figures are usually crude standing figures.

·      Adorned with necklaces hanging over the prominent breast and wearing a loin cloth and a grid.

·      The fan-shaped headdress with a cup like projection on each side is a distinct decorative feature of the mother goddess.

·      The pellet eyes and beaked nose of the figure are very crude (constructed in a rudimentary way).

·      Mouth is indicated by a narrow opening.

Seals:

·      Thousands of seals were discovered from the sites, usually made of steatite, and occasionally of agate, chert, copper, faience and terracotta, with beautiful figures of animals such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc.

·      The purpose was mainly commercial.

·      They were also used as amulets, carried on the persons of their owners, perhaps as modern identity cards.

·      Standard Harappan seal was 2 x 2 square inches.

·      Every seal is engraved in a pictographic script which is yet to be deciphered.

·      Some seals were also been found in Gold and Ivory.

  Seals of Pashupati Mahadeva

·      It was found in Mohenjo-Daro.

·      The seal depicts a human figure seated cross legged.

·      An elephant and a tiger are depicted to the right side of the figure, while on the left a rhinoceros and a buffalo are seen.

·      Two antelopes (deer) are shown below the seat (nearby his feet).

·      The figure has a three horned head.

Pottery:

·      Indus valley pottery consists of very fine wheel made wares, very few being handmade.

·      Plain pottery is more common than painted ware. 

Plain pottery is generally red clay, with or without a fine red or grey slip.

·      The black painted ware has a fine coating of red slip on which geometric and animal designs are executed in glossy black paint.

1. Painted Earthen jar

·      Found in Mohenjo-Daro.

·      Made on a potters’ wheel with clay.

·      The shape was manipulated by pressure of the crafty fingers of the potter.

·      After baking a clay model, it was painted with black colour.

·      High polishing was done as a finishing touch

·  Motifs are vegetal and geometric forms.

·      Designs are simple.

Beads, Ornaments and Cosmetics:

·      The Harappan men and women decorated themselves with a large variety of ornaments produced from every conceivable materials ranging from precious metals and gemstones to bone and baked clay.

·      White necklaces, fillets, armlets and finger rings were commonly worn by both sexes.

·      Jewellery found at Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal include necklaces of gold and semiprecious metal stones, copper bracelets and beads, gold earrings and head ornaments.

·      A cemetery has been found at Farmona in Harappa where dead bodies were buried with ornaments.

·      Well developed bead industries were present at Chauhudaro and Lothal.

·      Some beads were made of two or more stones cemented together.

·      Also made models of animals, especially monkeys and squirrels, used as pin head and beads.

·      Spinning of cotton and wool was very common (both rich and poor practiced spinning).

·      Men and women wore two separate pieces of attire similar to dhoti and shawl.

·      Shawl covered the left shoulder passing below right arm.

·      They were conscious of fashion.

·      Different hair styles were in vogue and beard was popular.

·      Cinnabar was used as a cosmetic and face-paint, lipstick and collyrium (eyeliner) were also know to them.