Mauryan Empire/ Mauryan Period

FOR MORE UPDATES, JOIN US ON telegram : https://t.me/notesandknowledgehindienglish

Brief History about Mauryan Empire

Also Read : Indus-valley-civilization-or-harappan

  Mauryan empire, in ancient India, a state centred at Pataliputra (later Patna) near the junction of the Son and Ganges (Ganga) rivers. It lasted from about 321 to 185 BCE and was the first empire to encompass most of the Indian subcontinent.

The Mauryan Empire was an efficient and highly organized autocracy with a standing army and civil service. That bureaucracy and its operation were the model for the Artha-shastra (“The Science of Material Gain”), a work of political economy similar in tone and scope to Niccolò Machiavelli’s “The Prince”.

 In the wake of the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, Chandragupta (or Chandragupta Maurya), founder of the Mauryan dynasty, conquered the Punjab region from the south-eastern edges of Alexander’s former empire.

Notes And Knowledge

The Seleucids, a contending dynasty for Alexander’s legacy, attempted to advance into India in 305 BCE. They were defeated and, after the conclusion of a treaty, the Seleucids and the Mauryans maintained friendly relations. They were now enjoying peace along the western border; Chandragupta was free to focus his military exploits to the east and to the south. By the end of his reign, he had extended his empire across northern India.

 His son,” Bindusara”, continued the empire’s expansion well into the Deccan, stopping around the region known today as Karnataka.

 Bindusara’s son, “Ashoka” (reigned c. 265–238 BCE or c. 273–232 BCE), added Kalinga to the already vast empire. That addition would be the last, however, as the brutal conquest of that region led Ashoka to abandon military conquest. Rather, he embraced Buddhism and instituted dharma as the state ideology.

Much is known of the reign of this Buddhist Mauryan emperor from the edicts inscribed on exquisitely executed stone pillars that he had erected throughout his realm. Those edicts constitute some of the oldest deciphered original texts of India. After his conversion, his notion of conquest consisted of sending many Buddhist emissaries throughout Asia and commissioning some of the finest works of ancient Indian art.

Also Read : Gupta-period

 After Ashoka’s death the empire shrank because of invasions, defections by southern princes, and quarrels over ascension. The last ruler, Brihadratha, was killed in 185 BCE by his Brahman commander in chief, Pushyamitra, who then founded the “Shunga dynasty”, which ruled in central India for about a century.

Arts of the Mauryan Period:

·      Sixth century B.C. marks the beginning of new religious and social movements in the Gangetic valley in the form of Buddhism and Jainism (Sramana/Shraman Tradition).

·      Magadha emerged as a powerful kingdom and consolidated its control over the other religions.

·      By the third century, a large part of India was under Maurya control.

·      Ashoka emerged as the most powerful king of the Maurya dynasty.

·      Religious practices had many dimensions during this period.

·      Worship of Yakshas and Mother Goddess was prevalent during that time.

·      Yaksha worship was very popular before and after the advent of Buddhism and it was assimilated in Buddhism and Jainism.

·      Construction of stupas and viharas (dwelling place of monks) became part of the Buddhist tradition.

·      However, in this period, apart from stupas and viharas, stone pillars, rock cut caves and monumental figure sculptures were carved in several places.

Pillars :

• Even though constructing pillars are very old, Mauryan pillars are different from the pillars in the other parts of the world (like Achaemenian pillars) as they are rock cut pillars thus displaying the carver’s skills.
• Stone pillars were erected all over the Mauryan Empire.
• The uppermost elements of a pillar or column are known a capital.
• The top portion of the pillar was carved with figures like a bull, lion, elephant, etc.
• All the capital figures (usually animals) are vigorous and carved standing on a square or circular abacus.
• Abacuses are decorated with stylized lotuses.
• Mauryan pillar capital found at Sarnath popularly known as the Lion Capital is the finest example of Mauryan sculpture tradition.

     Lion Capital, Sarnath

·      The Lion Capital discovered more than a hundred years ago at Sarnath, near Varanasi, is generally referred as Sarnath Lion Capital.

·      It is one of the finest examples of sculpture from Mauryan period and was built by Ashoka in commemoration of ‘Dhammachakrapravartana’ or the first sermon of Buddha.

·      Originally, it consists of five components :-

1. The pillar shaft.

2. The lotus bell or base.

3. A drum on the bell base with four animals proceeding clockwise (abacus).

4. Figure of four majestic addorsed (back to back) lions

5. The crowning element, Dharamchakra/Dharmachakra.

Also Read : What-is-arts-and-arts-education Meaning-and-Definition-of-Arts

·      Dharamchakra (the fifth component said above), a large wheel was also a part of this pillar. However, this wheel is lying in broken condition and is displayed in the site museum of Sarnath.

·      The capital has four Asiatic lions seated back to back and their facial muscularity is very strong.

·      They symbolize power, courage, pride and confidence.

·      The surface of the sculpture is heavily polished, which is typical of the Mauryan period.

·      Abacus (drum on the bell base) has the depiction of a chakra (wheel) in all four directions and a bull, a horse, an elephant and a lion between every chakra.

·      Each chakra has 24 spokes in it.

·      This 24 spoke chakra is adopted to the National Flag of India.

·      The circular abacus is supported by an inverted lotus capital.

·      The capital without the shaft, the lotus bell and crowning wheel has been adopted as the National Emblem of Independent India.

·      In the emblem adopted by Madhav Sawhey, only three Lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The abacus is also set in such a way that only one chakra can be seen in the middle, with the bull on the right and horse on the left.

·      A lion capital has also been found at Sanchi, but is in a dilapidated condition.

·      A pillar found at Vaishali is facing towards the north, which is the direction of Buddha’s last voyage.

Also Read : What is sculpture, its meaning and definition Types-of-sculptures-methods-and-process

Yakshas and Yakshinis :

·      Large statues of Yakshas and Yakshinis are found at many places like Patna, Vidisha and Mathura.

·      They are mostly in the standing position.

·      Their polished surface is distinguished element.

·      Depiction of faces is in full round with pronounced cheeks and physiognomic     detail.

·      They show sensitivity towards depicting the human physique.

·      Finest example is Yakshi figure from Didarganj, Patna.

Didarganj Yakshi

·      The life-size standing image of a Yakshi holding a chauri (flywhisk) from Didarganj near Patna is another good example of the sculpture tradition of Mauryan period.

·      It is a tall well proportioned, free standing sculpture in round made in sandstone with a polished surface.

·      The chauri is held in the right hand, whereas the left hand is broken.

·      The image shows sophistication in the treatment of form and medium.

·      The sculpture’s sensitivity towards the round muscular body is clearly visible.

·      The face is round, fleshy cheeks, while the neck is relatively small in proportion; the eyes, nose and lips are sharp.

·      Folds of muscles are properly rendered.

·      The necklace beads are in full round, hanging the belly.

·      The tightening of garments around the belly rendered with great care.

·      Every fold of the garments on the legs is shown by protruding lines clinging to the legs, which also creates a somewhat transparent effect.

·      Thick bell ornaments adorn the feet.

·      Heaviness in the torso is depicted by heavy breasts.

·      The hair is tied in a knot at the back and the back is clear.

·      Flywhisk in the right hand is shown with incised lines continued on the back of the image.

Notes And Knowledge

 Rock cut Architectures :-

·      Ashoka also patronized many rock cut architectures during his period

·      The majority of these belongs to Buddhism.

·      The rock-cut cave carved at Barabar hills is a good example of Mauryan rock cut architectures.

1)  Lomus Rishi Cave, Barabar Hills :

·      Rock-cut cave carved at Barabar Hills near Gaya in Bihar is known as Lomus Rishi Cave.

·      It is patronized by Ashoka for Ajeevika sect.

·      The facade of the cave is decorated with the semicircular Chaitya (worship place) arch as the entrance.

·      An elephant frieze carved in high relief on the chaitya.

·      The interior hall of this cave is rectangular with a circular chamber at the back.

·      Entrance is located on the side wall of the hall.

 2)  Stupas and Chaityas:

·      Stupa, chaitya and vihara are part of Buddhist and Jain monastic complex, but the largest number belongs to the Buddhist religion.

·      One of the best examples of the structure of a stupa is in the third century B.C. at Bairat, Rajasthan.

·      The Great Stupa at Sanchi was built with bricks during the time of Ashoka and later it was stone and many new additions were made.

·      Subsequently, many such stupas were constructed which shows the popularity of Buddhism.

·      From second century B.C. onwards, we get many inscriptional evidences mentioning donors and, at times, their profession.

·      The pattern of patronage has been a very collective one and there are very few examples of royal patronage.

·      Patrons range from lay devotees to gahapatis (householders, ordinary farmers, etc.) and kings.

·      Donations by the guild are also mentioned at several places.

·      There are very few inscriptions mentioning the names of artisans such as Kanha at Pitalkhora and his disciple Balaka at Kondane caves.

·      Artisans’ categories like stone carvers, goldsmith, carpenters, etc. are also mentioned in the inscriptions.

·      Traders recorded their donation along with their place of origin.

·      In the subsequent century (mainly 2^nd century B.C), stupas were elaborately built with certain additions like the enclosing of the circumbulatory path with railings and sculptural decorations.

·      Stupa consisted of a cylindrical drum and a circularanda with a harmika and chhatra on the top which remains consistent throughout with minor variations and changes in shape and size.

·      Gateways were also added in the later periods.

Depiction of Buddha in Chaityas :

·      During the early period, Buddha is depicted symbolically through footprints, stupas, lotus throne, chakra, etc.

·      Gradually narrative became a part.

·      Thus, the events from life of Buddha, the Jataka stories, etc. were depicted on the railings and torans of the stupas.

·      The main events associated with the Buddha’s life which were frequently depicted were events related to birth, renunciation, enlightment, dhammachakrapravartana (first sermon), and mahaparinirvana (death).

·      Among Jataka stories that are frequently depicted are Chhadanta Jataka, Ruru Jataka, Sibi Jataka, Vidur Jataka, Vessantara Jataka and Shama Jataka.

Notes And Knowledge